Kamis, 26 April 2012

Sentence


A.    SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence is a sentence structure that contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses. A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
Examples:
a.   Some students like to study in the morning.
b.   Juan and Arto play football every afternoon.
c.    Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
d.   The runner jumped.
S              P
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, runner, and one predicate, jumped.
e.   The singer bowed.
S            P
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, singer, and one predicate, bowed.
f.     The baby cried.
S            P
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, baby, and one predicate, cried.
g.    The girl ran into her bedroom.
S                   P
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, girl, and one predicate, ran into her bedroom. This example is distinct from the previous three in that its verb phrase consists of more than one word.
h.   In the backyard, the dog barked and howled at the cat.
Prep. Phrase               S       P                  P     Prep. Phrase
S                          P
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, dog, and one predicate, barked and howled at the cat. This predicate has two verbs, known as a compound predicate: barked and howled. This compound verb should not be confused with a compound sentence. In the backyard and at the cat are prepositional phrases.

B.     COMPLEX SENTENCE
Complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause joined by one or more dependent clause. A complex sentence is often used to make clear which ideas are most important, and which ideas are subordinate, such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.
Example:
1.      Complex Sentence using Adjective Clause

Who + V
   S
a.       The man who is standing there is Ali.
b.      The man who visited last night is Amir.
c.       The man who is going to visit you tomorrow night is Ali.
Whom + S V
    O
d.      The man whom i hate is Ali.
e.       The man whom i met last night is Amir.-
Whose + N S V / Whose + N V
   O                              S
f.       The girl whose mother i like called me yesterday.
g.      The girl whose mother likes me called me yesterday.
Which + V /     Which + S V
    S                      O
h.      The house which is blue is mine.
i.        The house which the paimo rent is mine.
Where + S V
  Adv.
j.        Magelang where I was born is nice.
k.      Purworejo where I am staying is nice.
l.        Solo where we meet at the first time is nice.
Why
m.    I don’t know why you killed her.
n.      I don’t know the reason why I left you alone.
o.      I don’t know why I am standing here.
That
p.      The time that we are going to do examination has come.
q.      The time that you should go has come.
2.      Complex Sentence Using Noun Clause
a.       Who is over there is Amir.
b.      Whom you like is Andy.
c.       Which you are talking about is too old.
d.      Where my father lives is very nice.
e.       Whose car was parked here make somebody angry.
f.       Who is standing there bought a car.
g.      Which book you bring was very big.
h.      Where she is now is still unknown.
i.        Whose house was painted red was my uncle.
j.        Which bag you bring.
k.      How many times I have left school early is not your business.
3.      Complex Sentence Using Adverb Clause
Adverb of Place
a.       I went to the place where Fidel’s mother was born.
b.      She met me where I met her at the first time.
c.       He goes to go wherever I go.
Adverb of Time
d.      She cries when she feels sad.
e.       She shouted when I was singing.
f.       I will go to solo when I am 25.
g.      While I was in here.
h.      She smiled after I sick.
i.        She smiled before I went away.
j.        She will smile after entering to the class.
k.      Since I was here, she has been happy.
l.        Since I was here, she has known that case.
Adverb of condition
m.    She will cry unless I take her.
n.      I won’t get B unless I study.
o.      She will be happy if I give her a flower.
Adverb of Reason
p.      I will leave you because I don’t need you anymore.
q.      I will study hard so that I can pass the exam.
r.        I got B on grammar because I didn’t study.
Adverb of Manner
s.       I will leave you as you did.
t.        He said that as if he was the leader.
Adverb of Comparison
u.      He is as simple as I am.
v.      He did more slowly than I am.
Adverb of Result
w.    I came to your house early so that I could met you.
x.      I will do the best so that I can to marry you.
Adverb of Contrast
y.      Although she got many friends, she felt lonely.
z.       I have never been done, although I had no friends.

C.    COMPOUND SENTENCE
A sentence that contains at least two independent clauses.
Compound sentences can be formed in three ways:
a.            Using coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet).
b.            Using the semicolon, either with or without conjunctive adverbs.
c.            On occasion, using the colon.
The compound sentence is one of the four basic sentence structures. The other structures are the simple sentence, the complex sentence, and the compound-complex sentence.
Example:
1.      Using coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet).
And
-          She is sick and hurting.
-          He worked here last year, and he never told me about that.
-          She is sick, and her car is stolen.
Or
-          You are here or you leave here.
-          You must love me or you have to marry her.
-          Stay here or leave here.
For ( the second clause give a reason for the first clause)
-          She didn’t joint the party, for she didn’t get the time.
-          She didn’t joint the party, for she was sick)
Nor ( means “and ... not”, nor followed by question word order, nor joining two negative sentences ).
-          We didn’t move to the west, nor did our neighborur move there too.
-          I didn’t study hard, nor would I joint the exam.
-          She doesn’t have family, nor does she have much money.
But (two classing express contrasting ideas).
-          We have a big house, but they have a small house.
-          We have a big house, but we have no money to buy something.
-          We are the members of that group, but we can do nothing.
Yet (the second clause is a surprising / unexpected idea).
-          Women are stronger than man, yet in many cases they are weaker.
-          We have a big house, yet there is nothing inside.
So (talking about result)
-          We have to live here, so we never feel comfortable.
-          He didn’t study hard, so he didn’t pass the exam.
-          He didn’t study hard, so he looked confused.

2.      Use a Semicolon, either with or without conjunctive adverbs.
a.       The teacher lectured for over an hour; his students slept soundly.
b.      The old man wanted hides his money; he feared his children would steal it from him.
c.       The student studied all night long; she had a test the next day.

Patterns:     Sentence; sentence.
Subject + Predicate; Subject + Predicate.

3.      Use a semicolon and a transition word.
[Transition words (adverbial conjunctions): however, therefore, in fact, on the other hand, nonetheless, besides, instead, then, instead, moreover, similarly, nevertheless, still, etc.]
a.       The car had a V-8 engine and a new paint job; however, it had no brakes.
b.      The Pit Bull had quite a bite; in fact, its bite was "outlawed" in seven states.
c.       Larry studied for the test all weekend; therefore, he expected a good grade on the test.
Patterns:     Sentence; transition word, sentence.
                                      Subject + Predicate; transition word, Subject + Predicate.

D.    COMPOUND COMPLEX  SENTENCE
A complex-compound sentence or compound-complex sentence is a sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (also known as subordinate clauses).
Example:
-          When I looked into the mirror, I saw an old man, and I was surprised.
-          As I look out the window, I see no clouds, but the weather report predicted rain.
-          Whenever the old man walked around the mansion, he wanted hide his money, for he feared his children would steal it from him.
-          Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.
-          We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.
-          If Barack Obama is the nominee for the Democratic Party, he'll run against John McCain, but it won't be an easy contest to win.
-          Even though he prefers to eat with a fork, he chooses to use chopsticks in Chinese restaurants; however, they aren't easy to use.

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